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Late Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez named Maduro as his successor before undergoing the latest surgery in December.
In October, he had named Maduro as Vice-President.
Chavez died on Tuesday at the age of 58 after a two-year-long fight against cancer.
“I swear in the name of absolute loyalty to Comandante Hugo Chavez that we will obey and defend this Bolivarian Constitution with the hard hand of the free people,” Maduro said addressing the National Assembly while holding a copy of the Venezuelan constitution in his hand.
The Venezuelan opposition had earlier called Maduro’s inauguration “fraudulent” as it argued that under the constitution the speaker of the National Assembly should be the one to take over as acting president.
The Constitution also requires the vice president to step down from his post in order to run for president.
However, Venezuela’s Supreme Court ruled on Friday that Maduro can swear in as acting president and also be presidential candidate in the elections to be held within 30 days after Chavez’s death.
In protest, the main opposition coalition boycotted Maduro’s swearing-in ceremony which was held just hours after the state funeral of Hugo Chavez.
Maduro is expected to announce presidential elections within 30 days. National polls put him ahead of the opposition by a large margin.
More than 30 world leaders attended the funeral, including Cuban President Raul Castro, Iran’s Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus.
The Russian delegation was led by the Federation Council Speaker Valentina Matviyenko; also attending were Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, and the president’s special representative, Rosneft oil company President Igor Sechin, along with Russia’s Trade and Industry Minister Denis Manturov and Rostechnologii head Sergei Chemezov.
RIA Novosti and Agencies